![]() Low MSEL visual reception score was 3.2-fold higher in ZIKV-exposed than unexposed children, but not statistically significant (OR 3.2, CI: 0.8–14.0 p = 0.10). Ophthalmic examination showed that visual acuity did not differ significantly between groups, thus, 17.4% of ZIKV-exposed and 5.2% of unexposed had abnormal visual function ( p = 0.07) and 12.5% of the ZIKV-exposed and 2% of the unexposed had abnormal contrast testing ( p = 0.05). Of 124 children included in the analysis, 24 (19.4%) were classified as ZIKV-exposed and 100 (80.6%) unexposed according to maternal or cord blood serology. ![]() Visual impairment was defined as abnormal if the child had an abnormal ophthalmic exam and/or low visual reception score in the MSEL assessment. ZIKV exposure status was defined based on maternal and infant serological testing. We performed ophthalmic examination between 16 and 21 months of age and neurodevelopment assessment at 24 months of age with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning test (MSEL) on children enrolled in a cohort born to women pregnant during and shortly after the ZIKV epidemic in Nicaragua (2016–2017). We hypothesized that children exposed to ZIKV in utero born without CZS may have visual impairments in early childhood. Knowledge regarding the frequency of ocular abnormalities and abnormal visual function in children exposed to Zika virus (ZIKV) in utero but born without congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) is limited. Grace, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing # Bowman, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Resources, Writing – review & editing, #Īnd Sara F. Gower, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing, Kaitlyn Cross, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing,Įmily W. Omar Zepeda, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, ![]() Shiara Ortiz-Pujols, Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Michael Boivin, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Collins, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing, Meléndez-Balmaceda, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology,Ĭarlos Nuñez, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Meylin Chavarria, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Sylvia Becker-Dreps, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing,Ĭhristian Toval-Ruíz, Data curation, Investigation, Software, Validation, Visualization, Stringer, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, , * Ryan Max, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft,įilemón Bucardo, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing,Įlizabeth M. Evelin Martinez, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing,
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